TV

LOA Funding for TV:

A private funding is when the sole director finances the tv show or when a fundraiser or event ends up raising money for the show.  An example of a TV show which is privately funded is Riverdale. Riverdale is shown on Netflix which is a private company not owned by the government or a regional agency.  Sponsorships can also be a way for funding a private project. Crowdfunding is when you get the public to help fund it, an example of a crowdfunder is kickstarter. The aim is to raise a large amount of money from many different people who put a little bit in at a time. Crowdfunding is a good source of funding as it means many people can  help chip in and fund your project. Riverdale brought in around $60M for spending.

A public funding is when the government or national and regional agencies pay for TV shows to be made. The money is provided for the director of the TV show.  An example of a public funded agency is the BBC the government owns BBC and has made multiple different TV shows. An example of TV shows are Match of the day, Luther and the Apprentice.  These shows are funded by BBC who are there own agency but are owned by the government.  

A joint finance is when a  TV show is financed by more than one business or agency and this could involve private or public agencies. An example of a joint financed project is a TV show called the Agency which was produced and financed by Universal Television and Shaun cassidy productions. Joint financing is good because if you are a director who has written a storyline and you haven't got the total fund for the project you can team up with an agency who can help out and fund for some of the project.

Unit 4 LOA Logistics:

What are the key stages of funding film in an industry?

One of the key stages in funding a TV show is time. When funding for a TV show you have to think of your deadlines for filming and paying for equipment and personnel. You need to also think about the availability of equipment and personnel. You need to have equipment to film and you need to make sure you have enough time to acquire or use the equipment. Also you need to make sure you can get the right personnel who are able to film, edit, produce and act when you need them to. Another key stage of funding a TV show is facilities. You need to have the right facilities for your production equipment otherwise you won't be able to use it. Production business, house and studio or a production team provide the works for films. The cost of facilities will need to be looked at and payed for in advance. Location is another key stage of funding a TV show because you need to make sure it's not too far away and that it is where the weather will affect filming as well as paying for the cost of the place you are buying or hiring. When filming in a location you need to make sure that you can book out different locations to film each scene for a number of episodes in a series. You need to look at the risks involved in different locations as you need to pay for anything dangerous that happens or to fix anything that could be a risk to anyone. Personnel is another key stage in funding a TV show. You need to pay for technical crew, actors, extras and contributors as well as paying for training for anyone who needs it. Also you need to fund computer software to be able to edit and produce TV shows.

Unit 4 LOA Codes of Practice and Regulations:

Copyright/Copyright Clearances

Copyright in TV shows are similar to films copyright laws. TV shows cannot protect the name or screenplay of the show but the script can be copyrighted. Copyright in TV shows production is when a legal right is given to the originator of a film for a certain amount of time. The originator has exclusive rights to determine whether the original work they created can be used by others. Copyright protects the visual images and sounds from a TV show. Visual images, sound recordings, music and dramatic works in a TV show are all copyrighted too. If you are guilty of breaking copyright laws then you will be ordered to pay damages or pay legal fees. The statutory damages can be a fine from £200-£150,000.  Copyright is needed in the TV industry because if you didn't have copyright so many people would steal people's ideas and people who already have a name for themselves can easily take credit for other people's work because they are well known.  Copyright clearance center is an agency which procures agreements with rights holders. They also are a company that help people license their copyright.

Health and Safety
In TV health and safety will be the same as film as they record the same way.
film health and safety is shown in many different ways. In the film industry you need to do certain things to make sure that you follow the health and safety procedures. If you are filming or producing a project you have to give different staff responsibilities and duties and make sure that everyone knows what their duties are and when and where they are meant to do them. Also there should be a system in place to manage health and safety. There should be different rules and regulations you have to follow to keep everyone and yourself safe. Whilst filming you should have somebody assessing and managing the risks that are or could take place and to make sure that any risks or hazards are stopped from repeating or happening again. Also have someone continuously and frequently reviewing the process you have in place and procedures you are running for managing the risk and hazards. This is a good way of keeping safe when filming because you are constantly reviewing the process and making sure everything is running smoothly without any risks happening. Risk assessments are key to keeping health and safety under control in the film industry. To be able to manage the risks when filming you have to write out risk assessments which are assessments that assess the risk in the workplace. It is required by law to carry out. The risk assessment can help you understand what risks you need to control in more detail. Also when you are filming and producing a project you need permission to use certain things. If you were going to film at a theme park you would need permission to come in and film scenes at that theme park.

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Regulatory Bodies

Ofcom stands for office for communication. The job of Ofcom is to protect viewers and listeners of television and radio from seeing anything harmful or offensive. They main areas they focus on is licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition and protecting anyone from abuse. ASA stands for Advertising Standards Authority. They work on complaints and proactively checking the media to make sure there's no misleading, harmful or offensive advertisements. Their job is to ensure all advertisement in media is legal,  decent, honest and truthful, to the benefit of consumers and society. 

Trade Unions and Professional Bodies

The Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television is the UK trade association for independent content producers in feature film, television, animation, children's and digital media. The National Union of Journalists is a trade union for journalists in the UK. They protect and promote freedom in media, it is an active union where their members campaign and negotiate to ensure that they are rewarded for the work they do.

Unit 4 LOA Funding, Logistics and Codes of Practice Regulations for Film. Part 1 and Part 2.

Unit 4 LOA Funding:

Task A

A private funding is when the sole director finances the film or when a fundraiser or event ends up raising money for the film.  An example of a film which is privately funded is Bright which is a Netflix original film. Netflix is a privately funded film. Sponsorships can also be a way for funding a private project. Crowdfunding is when you get the public to help fund it, an example of a crowdfunder is kickstarter. The aim is to raise a large amount of money from many different people who put a little bit in at a time. Crowdfunding is a good source of funding as it means many people can  help chip in and fund your project.

A public funding is when the government or national and regional agencies pay for films to be made. The money is provided for the director of the film.  An example of a public funded agency is BBC films the government owns BBC and has made films such as Billy Elliot and the Boy in the Striped Pajamas. National and regional agencies are businesses that fund projects for young filmmakers, they are also funded by the government. The creative England fund offer funds for development and production, they are mainly interested in filmmakers who have a really strong regional voice. This is good because they take in young and confident filmmakers and develop them into really good filmmakers who now have experience, 

A joint finance is when a film is financed by more than one business or agency and this could involve private or public agencies. An example of a joint financed project is a film called Badlands which was produced and financed by executive producer Edward Pressman and a director called Terrence Malick. Joint financing is good because if you are a director who has written a storyline and you haven't got the total fund for the project you can team up with an agency who can help out and fund for some of the project.

The difference between public and private funding is that public funding is paid for by the government and private is payed for only by the director themselves or by fundraisers.
Joint financing is very different to public as none of the funding for the film comes from the government. Instead the director can team up with a different company such as Disney, Netflix, Paramount, Universal, Warner Bros, etc...

The finance is the same as digital games.

Task B


The Boy In The Striped Pajamas is a film which was publically funded as it was produced and made by BBC films who are a national or regional agency. The budget of this film was $12.5 million but it had mixed critical response and only made $44.1 million. Our government provides £10 million at least a year into british films. Public funding is usually funded by the BFI-British Film Industry. The BFI tries to help as many filmmaking initiatives as possible. To apply for this you have to submit an application for funding to the right BFI funded programme and wait for a positive decision.

Bright is a Netflix original film. Netflix it a private business and funds all its own projects one of them being the film Bright. This was solely funded by Netflix. 
To get privately funded your project has to be made by a business that isn't funded through the government. Netflix spent $90 million on this project which ended up being the most expensive film they have produced. It had 11 million views in 3 days on netflix. The critics voted it as a 3.8/10 and netflix would most likely not waste another $90 million on a sequel. 

Badlands was financed and produced by Edward Pressman and Terrence Malick. Malick funded $25,000 for the project and Edward funded the rest of the money for the project. This is an example of joint financing to create a joint financed film you have to have two or more people who pay for it. Warner Bros ended up purchasing and distributing the film for just under $1 million which mean Edward and Malick made there money back from what they put into the film.

Unit 4 LOA Logistics:

What are the key stages of funding film in an industry?

One of the key stages in funding a film is time. When funding for a film you have to think of your deadlines for filming and paying for equipment and personnel. You need to also think about the availability of equipment and personnel. You need to have equipment to film and you need to make sure you have enough time to acquire or use the equipment. Also you need to make sure you can get the right personnel who are able to film, edit, produce and act when you need them to. Another key stage of funding a film is facilities. You need to have the right facilities for your production equipment otherwise you won't be able to use it. Production business, house and studio or a production team provide the works for films. The cost of facilities will need to be looked at and payed for in advance. Location is another key stage of funding a film because you need to make sure it's not too far away and that it is where the weather will affect filming as well as paying for the cost of the place you are buying or hiring. You need to look at the risks involved in different locations as you need to pay for anything dangerous that happens or to fix anything that could be a risk to anyone. Personnel is another key stage in funding a film. You need to pay for technical crew, actors, extras and contributors as well as paying for training for anyone who needs it. Also you need to fund computer software to be able to edit and produce films. Digital games have the same logistics as film apart from personnel.

Unit 4 LOA Codes of Practice and Regulations:

Copyright/Copyright Clearances

Copyright in film production is when a legal right is given to the originator of a film for a certain amount of time. The originator has exclusive rights to determine whether the original work they created can be used by others. Copyright protects the visual images and sound of a film. Visual images, sound recordings, music and dramatic works in a film are all copyrighted too. If you are guilty of breaking copyright laws then you will be ordered to pay damages or pay legal fees. The statutory damages can be a fine from £200-£150,000. An example of copyright in film is Indiana Jones and the Raiders of the Lost Ark. In 1981, a lawsuit for £200 million was filed, by a man called Stanley Rader and his colleague Robert Kuhn, against Paramount Pictures, Steven Spielberg and George Lucas. They claimed that the film was a copy of their unpublished novel Ark. Stanley and Robert sent Ark to ICM in 1977. Spielberg and Lucas were given access to the material. They were told by ICM that their project had great potential for commercial success. Copyright is needed in the film industry because if you didn't have copyright so many people would steal people's ideas and people who already have a name for themselves can easily take credit for other people's work because they are well known. Young filmmakers wouldn't stand a chance if there was no copyright as they wouldn't get anywhere without the big names taking their ideas. Copyright clearance center is an agency which procures agreements with rights holders. They also are a company that help people license their copyright.

Health and Safety
In film health and safety is shown in many different ways. In the film industry you need to do certain things to make sure that you follow the health and safety procedures. If you are filming or producing a project you have to give different staff responsibilities and duties and make sure that everyone knows what their duties are and when and where they are meant to do them. Also there should be a system in place to manage health and safety. There should be different rules and regulations you have to follow to keep everyone and yourself safe. Whilst filming you should have somebody assessing and managing the risks that are or could take place and to make sure that any risks or hazards are stopped from repeating or happening again. Also have someone continuously and frequently reviewing the process you have in place and procedures you are running for managing the risk and hazards. This is a good way of keeping safe when filming because you are constantly reviewing the process and making sure everything is running smoothly without any risks happening. Risk assessments are key to keeping health and safety under control in the film industry. To be able to manage the risks when filming you have to write out risk assessments which are assessments that assess the risk in the workplace. It is required by law to carry out. The risk assessment can help you understand what risks you need to control in more detail. Also when you are filming and producing a project you need permission to use certain things. If you were going to film at a theme park you would need permission to come in and film scenes at that theme park.

• 
  

Regulatory Bodies

Ofcom stands for office for communication. The job of Ofcom is to protect viewers and listeners of television and radio from seeing anything harmful or offensive. They main areas they focus on is licensing, research, codes and policies, complaints, competition and protecting anyone from abuse. ASA stands for Advertising Standards Authority. They work on complaints and proactively checking the media to make sure there's no misleading, harmful or offensive advertisements. Their job is to ensure all advertisement in media is legal,  decent, honest and truthful, to the benefit of consumers and society. IPSO is the Independent Press Standards Organisation. It is an independent regulator for newspapers and magazines in the UK. They hold magazines and newspapers to account for their actions, protest individual rights and sustain high standards of journalism and help to maintain freedom of expression for the press. 

BBFC:
U-Suitable for all:

Discrimination- No discriminatory language is acceptable.

Drugs- Can only be included if its an anti-drug message for young children.

Imitable behaviour- No imitable behaviour.

Language- Infrequent use of extremely mild bad language.

Nudity- No sexual content and occasional nudity.

Sex- Only kissing and mild reference.

Threat- Only if its mild and the outcome is reassuring.

Violence- Will be very mild if it is justified by context.

PG-Parental Guidance:

Discrimination- Only used if its in a historical context.

Drugs- No only if its mentioned in an innocent way

Imitable behaviour- No dangerous behaviour.

Language- Mild bad language only.

Nudity- May be nudity, no sexual content.

Sex- Discreet and mild sex references.

Threat- Scary scenes when a character is in danger are only for a short period.

Violence- Will usually be mild.

12A/12-Suitable for anyone age appropriate:

Discrimination-Is very unlikely to be acceptable.

Drugs- Misuse of drugs are infrequent.

Imitable behaviour- No dangerous behaviour viewers would copy.

Language- Moderate language, strong language can be allowed depending on the use of it.

Nudity- May be nudity and sexual content will be discreet and short.

Sex- Only discreetly and for a small time.

Threat- Moderate threat and horror sequences. 

Violence- Moderate violence.

15-Suitable for only 15 years and above:

Discrimination- Yes there can be discriminatory language.

Drugs- Drug use can be shown but not in a positive way.

Imitable behaviour- Weapons can be used but dangerous behaviour shouldn't be in detail.

Language- Strong language.

Nudity- No rules on nudity but sexual content is allowed but it can't be in strong detail. 

Sex- Will be be portrayed but only im brief detail. 

Threat- May be a strong threat and horror.

Violence- Strong violence but no detail.

18-Suitable for only adults:

In an 18 rated movie it can contain:

• Material in breach of the law or an act of criminal offence.
• Material where there is harm to individuals being caused.
• Drug use.
• Dangerous activities or behaviour.
• Cause of harm to public health or morals.
• Sexual Violence.
• Explicit images of sexual activity.

R18-Shown only in special licensed cinemas:

This category is very special and is restricted to only certain licensed sex shops and for adults only. The content is consented sex or strong fetish material involving adults.

Trade Unions and Professional Bodies

The Producers Alliance for Cinema and Television is the UK trade association for independent content producers in feature film, television, animation, children's and digital media. The National Union of Journalists is a trade union for journalists in the UK. They protect and promote freedom in media, it is an active union where their members campaign and negotiate to ensure that they are rewarded for the work they do.

Part 2

Indie Distribution
An indie film is a film is a film that is private and not owned, produced or distributed by a major big budget company. They are independent films that are produced outside the major film studio system. They are also distributed by independent entertainment companies who are not working with the big budget companies. An example of an indie film is Extinction. This is an original film created by Netflix as its not owned by a big budget film it isn't aired in cinemas as Netflix don't distribute their original content into cinemas but it is aired on Netflix. If you don't have a film studio you could film something and put it on You Tube and hope someone likes it, also you could go round different film festivals and show of your ideas to small film companies. 

Big Budget Distribution
Big budget films are expensive made films which are guaranteed to make a profit. As Well as being made and produced by the biggest companies in the film industry. An example of a big budget film is Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows part 2. This was created and produced  by Warner Bros in association with Heyday films and was also distributed by Warner Bros distribution company, Warner distributions. These big budget companies have it easy when distributing films as they have their own distribution services but compared to indie films they can easily produce and distribute and indie films have to do it a much harder way and try and make their way up whilst big budget films can easily get their project out to their audience.

Publishers and Film Studios

Film studios are the places where the films are produced and created and publishers are the people who publish them and distribute them out. 

Vertical Integration:

Vertical Integration is when you have a production company who are the people who create a film who then work with a distribution company who are the people getting the project out for the audience. Finally exchange is the money and sales they receive for their project. For example warner bros produce a film then they hand it over to Warner distributions who distribute the film out. An example of this is Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows part 2. It was produced by Warner Bros in association with Heyday films. This was then distributed by Warner distributions. 

Horizontal Integration:

Horizontal Integration is when you have one big company that owns lots of different companies. These companies all produce their own films with the owner's permission then hands it over to the big company for distribution. For example Disney own companies such as:
Marvel, Lucas films, Pixar, 20/21 century fox , Disney films and many more. These companies all [produce their own films such as Marvel producing Avengers infinity war. This film was made by marvel but distributed by Disney because they are the big company that owns them.

Synergy:
Synergy is  an act involved in aiding films to produce more revenue than they normally would. It is the interaction between two or more companies produce an effect greater than what they would achieve in their own. For example a film such as Venom is followed on from the comics and could continue to make sequels and a tv series. Also merchandise will be released, posters, action figures, toys and video games could all follow from a comic book and the film. This is a synergy effect.

Pre-Production
This is the process which becomes before production and post-production. This is the planning stage it ends when the planning is finished and finalised. In filmmaking it begins once a project has been given the permission to go ahead. Financing will be confirmed by this stage and then many key elements such as cast members, director and cinematographer are already arranged. At the end of this the screenplay, script and storyboards are finalised  and all props, locations, cast, costumes, special effects and visual effects are identified. Then you have to check with all the stakeholder and financers.
Production
Production is the second step in making a film following on from pre-production and eventually leading on to post-production. Production is the filming of the film it includes setting up scenes, capturing raw footage and usage of set designs. In the production stage more crew members will be added such as a script supervisor, assistant directors, more photographers, image editor, sound editors and a property master. Usually when you film in different locations you end up filming for 14-18 hours a day. 
Post-Production
Post-production is the final stage of filming it follows on from production. In film post-production is the tasks that must be completed after the filming ends. The tasks included are editing raw footage(raw footage is footage that is untouched its not edited or been tampered with) you have to cut scenes, insert transition effects, colour correction and voice and sound actors need to be used and hired if not already. Post production is much longer then the actual filming stage it usually takes around 7 months to completely finish and finalise this.  Overall production is a long process then takes around 1 year to complete before its distributed into cinemas and stores worldwide.